NEXAFS Spectroscopy

Formation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Weathering Plant Material

March 29, 2002

When we think of chlorine, we often relate it to the salt used in food preparation, chloride in the oceans, chlorine gas from swimming pools, and gaseous chlorofluorocarbons that have close links to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. We rarely think of thousands of chlorinated hydrocarbons that exist in the natural systems, several of which are highly toxic to humans (1). The C-Cl bond, common to all organo-Cl compounds, is strong and gives high stability to organo-Cl compounds. For this reason, several organo-Cl compounds have been synthesized and used extensively for years in agricultural and industrial applications.

The Story Behind IBM's New Flat Panel Displays: Technical Impact of Synchrotron Radiation Research

June 29, 2001

Today's laptop computers utilize flat panel displays where the light  transmission from the back to the front of the display is modulated by orientation changes in liquid crystal (LC) molecules.  Details are discussed in Ref. 2 below.  One of the key steps in the manufacture of the displays is the alignment of the LC molecules in the display.   Today this is done by mechanical rubbing of two polymer surfaces and then sandwiching the LC between two such surfaces with orthogonal rubbing directions. Over the past years a great challenge of this $20 billion/year industry has been to devise an alternative method of liquid crystal alignment.   The rubbing process is plagued with contamination issues and the polymer film is deposited by a wet process that is incompatible with high-tech manufacturing techniques.

Subscribe to NEXAFS Spectroscopy